HB 4436

relating to certain images captured by an unmanned aircraft for
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF TEXAS:
SECTION 1.  Section 423.002(a), Government Code, is amended
(a)  It is lawful to capture an image using an unmanned
(1)  for the purpose of professional or scholarly
research and development or for another academic purpose by a
person acting on behalf of an institution of higher education or a
private or independent institution of higher education, as those
terms are defined by Section 61.003, Education Code, including a
(A)  is a professor, employee, or student of the
(B)  is under contract with or otherwise acting
under the direction or on behalf of the institution;
(2)  in airspace designated as a test site or range
authorized by the Federal Aviation Administration for the purpose
of integrating unmanned aircraft systems into the national
(3)  as part of an operation, exercise, or mission of
(A)  the United States military; or
(B)  the Texas military forces as defined by
(4)  if the image is captured by a satellite for the
(5)  if the image is captured by or for an electric or
natural gas utility or a telecommunications provider:
(A)  for operations and maintenance of utility or
telecommunications facilities for the purpose of maintaining
utility or telecommunications system reliability and integrity;
(B)  for inspecting utility or telecommunications
facilities to determine repair, maintenance, or replacement needs
during and after construction of such facilities;
(C)  for assessing vegetation growth for the
purpose of maintaining clearances on utility or telecommunications
(D)  for utility or telecommunications facility
routing and siting for the purpose of providing utility or
(6)  with the consent of the individual who owns or
lawfully occupies the real property captured in the image;
(7)  pursuant to a valid search or arrest warrant;
(8)  if the image is captured by a law enforcement
authority or a person who is under contract with or otherwise acting
under the direction or on behalf of a law enforcement authority:
(A)  in immediate pursuit of a person law
enforcement officers have reasonable suspicion or probable cause to
suspect has committed an offense, not including misdemeanors or
offenses punishable by a fine only;
(B)  for the purpose of documenting a crime scene
where an offense, not including misdemeanors or offenses punishable
by a fine only, has been committed;
(C)  for the purpose of investigating the scene
(ii)  a motor vehicle collision causing
death or serious bodily injury to a person; or
(iii)  any motor vehicle collision on a
state highway or federal interstate or highway;
(D)  in connection with the search for a missing
(E)  for the purpose of conducting a high-risk
tactical operation that poses a threat to human life;
(F)  of private property that is generally open to
the public where the property owner consents to law enforcement
public safety responsibilities; or
(G)  of real property or a person on real property
that is within 25 miles of the United States border for the sole
purpose of ensuring border security;
(9)  if the image is captured by state or local law
enforcement authorities, or a person who is under contract with or
otherwise acting under the direction or on behalf of state
authorities, for the purpose of:
(A)  surveying the scene of a catastrophe or other
damage to determine whether a state of emergency should be
(B)  preserving public safety, protecting
property, or surveying damage or contamination during a lawfully
declared state of emergency; or
(C)  conducting routine air quality sampling and
monitoring, as provided by state or local law;
(10)  at the scene of a spill, or a suspected spill, of
(11)  for the purpose of fire suppression;
(12)  for the purpose of rescuing a person whose life or
well-being is in imminent danger;
(13)  if the image is captured by a Texas licensed real
estate broker in connection with the marketing, sale, or financing
of real property, provided that no individual is identifiable in
(14)  from a height no more than eight feet above ground
level in a public place, if the image was captured without using any
electronic, mechanical, or other means to amplify the image beyond
(15)  of public real property or a person on that
(16)  if the image is captured by the owner or operator
of an oil, gas, water, or other pipeline for the purpose of
inspecting, maintaining, or repairing pipelines or other related
facilities, and is captured without the intent to conduct
surveillance on an individual or real property located in this
(17)  in connection with oil pipeline safety and rig
(18)  in connection with port authority surveillance
(19)  if the image is captured by a registered
professional land surveyor in connection with the practice of
professional surveying, as those terms are defined by Section
1071.002, Occupations Code, provided that no individual is
(20)  if the image is captured by a professional
engineer licensed under Subchapter G, Chapter 1001, Occupations
Code, in connection with the practice of engineering, as defined by
Section 1001.003, Occupations Code, provided that no individual is
(A)  the image is captured by an employee of an
insurance company or of an affiliate of the company in connection
with the underwriting of an insurance policy, or the rating or
adjusting of an insurance claim, regarding real property or a
structure on real property; and
(B)  the operator of the unmanned aircraft is
authorized by the Federal Aviation Administration to conduct
operations within the airspace from which the image is captured; or
(A)  the image is captured for the purpose of
(i)  a radio or television broadcast
station licensed by the Federal Communications Commission;
(ii)  a newspaper of general circulation
(iii)  another bona fide news organization;
(B)   any identifiable person captured in the
image was not in a place where that person had a reasonable
SECTION 2.  This Act takes effect September 1, 2025.